The art of fundoscopy remains an important skill. When talking about hypertension some potentail changes include:
Mild Retinopathy : Retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriolar wall thickening or opacification (copper wiring), and arteriovenous nicking (see above picture)
Moderate Retinopathy: Hemorrhages, either flame or dot-shaped, cotton-wool spots, hard exudates, and microaneurysms (see above)
Severe Retinopathy: Some or all of the above, plus optic disc edema (papilledema- see below)
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